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'''जिन्क''' धागु छगु रसायनिक तत्त्व ख। थुकिगु चिं '''Zn''' ख व [[एटोमिक ल्याखं]] ३० ख।

 

जिन्क छगु मध्यम स्तरय् रियाक्सन याइगु वचुस्से-तुयुगु [[धातु]] ख। थ्व मोइस्ट वायुय् टार्निश जुइ व वायुय् वांगु जः वेक छ्वै, व थुकिलिं [[जिंक अक्साइड]] देकी। थ्व तत्त्व [[अम्ल]], [[अल्काली]] व मेमेगु अधातु नाप रसायनिक स्वापू देकी। शुद्ध मजुगु जिंक डाइलुट अम्ल नाप रियाक्ट याना [[हाइड्रोजन]] पिकाइ। जिंकयागु छगु सामान्य अक्सिडेसन स्टेट +२ ख। १०० °से निसें २१० °से तक्क जिंक म्यालिएबल जुइ व अपुइक हे येक्व आकारे ढालेयाये छिं। २१० °से स्वया च्वे थ्व तत्त्व ब्रिटल जुइ व केकी बिले पल्भराइज्ड जुइ।

 

जिन्क ४गु दक्ले अप्व छ्येलिगु धातु ख। थ्व स्वया अप्व छ्येलिगु धातुत [[न]], [[एल्मुनियम]], व [[कपर]] जक्क ख।

* जिंक [[स्टिल]]यात [[ग्याल्भेनाइजेसन|ग्याल्भेनाइज]] याना करोजन पंकेयात छ्येलि।

The highly characteristic metal [[Bar (counter)|counters]] of traditional [[France|French]] [[Bar (establishment)|bars]] are often referred to as '''जिंक bars''' or vaguely '''जिंक''', but actually जिंक has never been used for this purpose and the counters are really made of an alloy of [[lead]] and [[tin]].

 

प्राचीन भारतय् जिंकयु शोधनज्या सिक्क हे येक्व जुगु खने दु। Many mine sites of [[Zawarmaala]] were active even during 1300-1000 BC. There are references of medicinal uses of zinc in the [[Charaka Samhita]] (300 BC). The [[Rasaratna Samuccaya]] (800 AD) explains the existence of two types of ores for zinc metal, one of which is ideal for metal extraction while the other is used for medicinal purpose.<ref>http://metalrg.iisc.ernet.in/~wootz/heritage/zn.html</ref> Zinc alloys have been used for centuries, as brass goods dating to [[1000s BC|1000]]–[[1400s BC|1400 BC]] have been found in [[Israel (region)|Israel]] and zinc objects with 87% zinc have been found in prehistoric [[Transylvania]]. Because of the low boiling point and high chemical reactivity of this metal (isolated zinc would tend to go up the chimney rather than be captured), the true nature of this metal was not understood in ancient times.

 

The manufacture of [[brass]] was known to the [[Ancient Rome|Ebi]] by about [[30 BC]], using a technique where [[Calamine (mineral)|calamine]] and [[copper]] were heated together in a crucible. The [[zinc oxide]]s in calamine were reduced, and the free zinc metal was trapped by the copper, forming an [[alloy]]. The resulting [[calamine brass]] was either cast or hammered into shape.

 

 

The English metallurgist Libavius received in 1597 a quantity of zinc metal in its pure form, which was unknown in the West before then. Libavius identified it as Indian/Malabar lead. [[Paracelsus]] ([[1516]]) was credited with the name "zinc". It was regularly imported to [[Europe]] from the orint in the [[17th century]], but was at times very expensive.

 

The isolation of metallic zinc in the West may have been acheived independently by several people:

 

 

 

 

Before the discovery of the [[zinc sulfide]] [[flotation process|flotation]] technique, [[calamine]] was the mineral source of zinc metal.

 

Zinc is an essential element, necessary for sustaining all life. It is estimated that 3000 of the hundreds of thousands of proteins in the human body contain zinc [[prosthetic groups]], one type of which is the so-called [[zinc finger]].{{Fact|date=February 2007}} In addition, there are over a dozen types of cells in the human body that secrete zinc ions, and the roles of these secreted zinc signals in medicine and health are now being actively studied. Intriguingly, brain cells in the mammalian forebrain are one type of cell that secretes zinc, along with its other neuronal messenger substances. Cells in the salivary gland, prostate, immune system and intestine are other types that secrete zinc.{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

 

Zinc is an activator of certain enzymes, such as carbonic anhydrase. Carbonic anhydrase is important in the transport of carbon dioxide in vertebrate blood. It is also required in plants for leaf formation, the synthesis of indole acetic acid (auxin) and anaerobic respiration (alcoholic fermentation).{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

 

Zinc is found in oysters, and to a far lesser degree in most animal proteins, beans, nuts, almonds, whole grains, pumpkin seeds and sunflower seeds. [[Phytates]], which are found in whole grain breads, cereals, legumes and other products, have been known to decrease zinc absorption. Clinical studies have found that zinc, combined with [[antioxidants]], may delay progression of age-related [[macular degeneration]],{{Fact|date=February 2007}} but the effect is extremely small and not likely to be clinically important. Significant dietary intake of zinc has also recently been shown to impede the onset of flu.{{Fact|date=February 2007}} [[Soil conservation]] analyzes the vegetative uptake of naturally occurring zinc in many soil types.

 

The (US) [[Reference Daily Intake|recommended dietary allowance]] of zinc from puberty on is 11mg for males and 8mg for females, with higher amounts recommended during pregnancy and lactation.

 

Zinc deficiency results from inadequate intake of zinc, or inadequate absorption of zinc into the body. Signs of zinc deficiency includes hair loss, [[skin]] lesions, [[diarrhea]], wasting of body tissues, and, eventually, death. Eyesight, taste, smell and memory are also connected with zinc. A deficiency in zinc can cause malfunctions of these organs and functions. Congenital abnormalities causing zinc deficiency may lead to a disease called [[Acrodermatitis enteropathica]].

 

Obtaining a sufficient zinc intake during [[pregnancy]] and in young children is a very real problem, especially among those who cannot afford a good and varied diet. [[Brain]] development is stunted by zinc insufficiency in utero and in youth.

 

{{main|Anorexia nervosa}}

Zinc deficiency causes a decrease in [[appetite]] -- which could degenerate in anorexia nervosa (AN). Appetite disorders, in turn, cause [[malnutrition]] and, notably, inadequate zinc nutriture. The use of zinc in the treatment of anorexia nervosa has been advocated since 1979 by Bakan. At least 5 trials showed that zinc improved weight gain in anorexia. A 1994 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial showed that zinc (14 mg per day) doubled the rate of body mass increase in the treatment of anorexia nervosa (AN).

* Inadequate zinc nutriture, however, is not only involved in such an extreme appetite dysregulation as AN. Growth, appetite and zinc status have been shown to be correlated.<ref name="Zincappetitereview"/>

 

 

Zinc salts are effective against [[pathogen]]s in direct application. [[Gastrointestinal infections]] are also strongly attenuated by ingestion of zinc, and this effect could be due to direct antimicrobial action of the zinc ions in the GI tract, or to absorption of the zinc and re-release from immune cells (all granulocytes secrete zinc) or both.

 

The direct effect of zinc (as in lozenges) on bacteria and viruses is also well-established, and has been used since at least 2000 BC, from when zinc salts in palliative salves are documented. However, exactly how to deliver zinc salts against pathogens without injuring one's own tissues is still being investigated.

 

:''See also: [[:Category:Zinc minerals|Zinc minerals]]

 

The earth has been estimated to have 46 years supply of zinc.<ref>''New Scientist'', 26 May 2007. </ref>

 

There are zinc mines throughout the world, with the largest producers being [[China]], [[Australia]] and [[Peru]]. In 2005, China produced almost one-fourth of the global zinc output, reports the [[British Geological Survey]]. Mines and refineries in [[Europe]] include [[Umicore]] in [[Belgium]], [[Hill of Tara|Tara]], Galmoy and Lisheen in [[Ireland]], and [[Zinkgruvan]] in [[Sweden]]. Zinc metal is produced using [[extractive metallurgy]]. [[Zinc sulfide]] ([[sphalerite]]) minerals are concentrated using the [[froth flotation]] method and then usually roasted using [[pyrometallurgy]] to oxidise the zinc sulfide to zinc oxide. The zinc oxide is leached in several stages of increasingly stronger sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄). Iron is usually rejected as Jarosite or goethite, removing other impurities at the same time. The final purification uses zinc dust to remove copper, cadmium and cobalt. The metal is then extracted from the solution by electrowinning as cathodic deposits. Zinc cathodes can be directly cast or alloyed with aluminium.

 

Another pyrometallurgical process is flash smelting. Then zinc oxide is obtained, usually producing zinc of lesser quality than the hydrometallurgical process. Zinc oxide treatment has much fewer applications, but high grade deposits have been successful in producing zinc from zinc oxides and zinc carbonates using [[hydrometallurgy]].

 

The most widely used alloy of zinc is [[brass]], in which copper is alloyed with anywhere from 9% to 45% zinc, depending upon the type of brass, along with much smaller amounts of lead and tin. Alloys of 85–88% zinc, 4–10% copper, and 2–8% aluminum find limited use in certain types of machine bearings. Alloys of primarily zinc with small amounts of copper, aluminum, and magnesium are useful in die-casting. Similar alloys with the addition of a small amount of lead can be cold-rolled into sheets. An alloy of 96% zinc and 4% aluminum is used to make stamping dies for low production run applications where ferrous metal dies would be too expensive.<ref name="samans"/>

 

:''See also: [[:category:Zinc compounds|Zinc compounds]]

[[Zinc oxide]] is perhaps the best known and most widely used zinc compound, as it makes a good base for white pigments in paint. It also finds industrial use in the rubber industry, and is sold as opaque [[sunscreen]]. A variety of other zinc compounds find use industrially, such as [[zinc chloride]] (in deodorants), [[zinc pyrithione]] (anti-[[dandruff]] [[shampoo]]s), [[zinc sulfide]] (in luminescent paints), and zinc methyl or [[zinc diethyl]] in the organic laboratory. Roughly one quarter of all zinc output is consumed in the form of zinc compounds.

 

Naturally occurring zinc is composed of the 5 stable [[isotope]]s ⁶⁴Zn, ⁶⁶Zn, ⁶⁷Zn, ⁶⁸Zn, and ⁷⁰Zn with ⁶⁴Zn being the most abundant (48.6% [[natural abundance]]). Twenty-one [[radioisotope]]s have been characterised with the most abundant and stable being ⁶⁵Zn with a [[half-life]] of 244.26 days, and ⁷²Zn with a half-life of 46.5 hours. All of the remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 14 hours and the majority of these have half lives that are less than 1 second. This element also has 4 [[meta state]]s.

 

Zinc has been proposed as a "[[Salted bomb|salting]]" material for [[nuclear weapon]]s ([[cobalt]] is another, better-known salting material). A jacket of [[Isotope separation|isotopically enriched]] ⁶⁴Zn, irradiated by the intense high-energy neutron flux from an exploding thermonuclear weapon, would transmute into the radioactive isotope Zn-65 with a half-life of 244 days and produce approximately 2.27 [[MeV]] of [[Gamma ray|gamma radiation]], significantly increasing the radioactivity of the weapon's [[Nuclear fallout|fallout]] for several days. Such a weapon is not known to have ever been built, tested, or used.

 

Metallic zinc is not considered to be toxic, but free zinc ions in solution (like copper or iron ions) are highly toxic. There is also a condition called ''zinc shakes'' or ''zinc chills'' (see [[metal fume fever]]) that can be induced by the inhalation of freshly formed [[zinc oxide]] formed during the [[welding]] of [[galvanize]]d materials. Excessive intake of zinc can promote deficiency in other [[dietary minerals]].

 

<references/>

 

{{Commons|Zinc}}

<!-- *[http://www.iza.com/zwo_org/Publications/Discovering/0202.htm Discovering the 8th metal] -->

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