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हलिमया करिब ४९% हेरा मध्य व दक्षिणी अफ्रिकां उत्पादन जुइ। हेराया खनिजया तधंगु स्रोत क्यानाडा, भारत, रुस, [[ब्राजिल]], व अस्ट्रेलियाय् नं खने दु। हेराया क्रिस्टल [[किम्बरलाइट]] व [[ल्याम्प्रोइट]] [[भोल्क्यानिक पाइन]] छ्येला पृथ्वीया गर्वं लिकाइ। पृथ्वीया गर्वय् तच्वःगु प्रेसर व तापक्रम दैगुलिं अन हेरा दयाच्वनि। प्राकृतिक हेराया माइनिङ व इनेज्या यक्व वादविवादयअ विषय ख दसुया कथं [[कन्फ्लिक्ट हेरा]] वा (''हि हेरा'') मीगु अफ्रिकी [[अर्धसैन्य]] पुचःतेत कायेछिं।
==वस्तुया गुण==
{{main|हेराया तात्विक गुण}}
{{seealso|हेराया क्रिस्टलोग्राफिक डिफेक्ट}}
[[Image:Diamond and graphite.jpg|thumb|हेरा व ग्राफाइट कार्बोनया निगु एलोट्रप (संरचना पाःगु छगू हे तत्त्वया निगु शुद्ध प्रकार) ख।]]
हेरा छगू [[टेट्राहेड्रल-अक्टाहेड्रल हनिकुम्ब|टेट्राहेड्रल कथं]] स्वाना च्वंगु कार्बोन अणुया [[ट्रान्सप्यारेन्ट (अप्टिक्स)|ट्रान्सप्यारेन्ट]] [[क्रिस्टल]] ख। थ्व फेस सेन्टर्ड क्युबिक डायमण्ड ल्याटिसय् क्रिस्टलाइज जुइ। हेराया अद्वितीय भौतिक गुणं याना हेरातेत यक्व ज्याया निंतिं छ्येलिगु या। थुकिया भौतिक गुणय् दक्ले नांजागु गुण थुकिया तच्वगु कडापना, थुकिया तधंगु [[डिस्पर्सन (अप्टिक्स)|डिस्पर्सन]] इन्डेक्स, व सिक्क तच्वगु [[थर्मल कन्डक्टिभिटी]] (९०० – २३२० W/m K) आदि ला। १७०० °से (१९७३ के / ३५८३ °फ) स्वया च्वे, हेरा [[ग्राफाइट]]य् हिला वनि<ref>{{cite book |author=Radovic, Ljubisa R.; Walker, Philip M.; Thrower, Peter A. |title=Chemistry and physics of carbon: a series of advances |publisher=Marcel Dekker |location=New York, N.Y |year=1965 |pages= |isbn=0-8247-0987-X |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref>। प्राकृतिक हेराया घनत्त्व ३.१५ निसें ३.५३ ग्राम/सेमि³ दै, सिक्क शुद्ध हेराया घनत्त्व करिब ३.५२ g/cm³ दै।
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Diamond is the hardest natural material known; hardness is defined as resistance to scratching.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.gemcutters.org/LDA/hardness.htm|year= 1998 |accessdate=2007-08-19 | title= "The Hardness of Minerals and Rocks" by William S. Cordua|work= Lapidary Digest}} Hosted at [http://www.gemcutters.org/ International Lapidary Association]</ref> Diamond has a hardness of 10 (hardest) on [[Mohs scale of mineral hardness]].<ref name="AMNH">American Museum of Natural History> [http://amnh.org/exhibitions/diamonds/ "The Nature of Diamonds"] Retrieved March 9, 2005</ref> Diamond's hardness has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name.
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Industrial use of diamonds has historically been associated with their hardness; this property makes diamond the ideal material for cutting and grinding tools. As the hardest known naturally-occurring material, diamond can be used to polish, cut, or wear away any material, including other diamonds. However, diamond is a poor choice for machining ferrous alloys at high speeds. At the high temperatures created by high speed machining, carbon is soluble in iron, leading to greatly increased wear on diamond tools as compared to other alternatives. Common industrial adaptations of this ability include diamond-tipped [[drill bit]]s and saws, or use of diamond powder as an [[abrasive]]. Industrial-grade diamonds are generally considered unsuitable for use as gems.
====विद्युत कन्डक्टिभिटी====
Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as [[semiconductor]]s: some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most other diamonds, which are excellent electrical [[Electrical insulation|insulator]]s.<ref name="AMNH"/> However, substantial conductivity has been observed for undoped diamond when exposed to air.<ref name="Landstrass">{{cite journal | author = Landstrass, M.I., Ravi, K.V. | year = 1989| journal = Applied Physics Letters | volume = 55 | pages =p. 975
| doi = 10.1063/1.101694
| title = Resistivity of chemical vapor deposited diamond films}}</ref>
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Toughness relates to a material's ability to resist breakage from forceful impact. The [[toughness]] of natural diamond has been measured as 3.4 MN m<sup>-3/2</sup>,<ref>{{cite journal| last = Field| first=J E| title=Strength and Fracture Properties of Diamond| journal=Philosophical Magazine A| volume=43 |issue=3| pages=595–618 |publisher=Taylor and Francis Ltd|year=1981| doi=10.1080/01418618108240397 }}</ref> which is good compared to other gemstones, but poor compared to most engineering materials. As with any material, the macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage. Diamond is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others.
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Gem quality diamond may be colorless or occur in any hue including the non-spectral hues of gray, brown and black. Diamond is the only gemstone composed of a single element, carbon. The diamond crystal lattice is exceptionally strong and only three atoms; Nitrogen, Boron and Hydrogen are small enough to work their way into the tetrahedral arrangement that is the basic unit of the diamond crystal.
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In October 2007 a blue diamond fetched nearly $8 million. The blue hue was a result of trace amounts of boron in the stone's crystal structure.<ref>[http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20071008/od_uk_nm/oukoe_uk_hongkong_diamond Rare blue diamond breaks world record in HK sale], YAHOO! News</ref>
====म्हसीकिगु पद्धति====
Diamonds can be identified by their high thermal conductivity. Their high [[refractive index]] is also indicative, but other materials have similar refractivity. Diamonds do cut glass, but other materials above glass on [[Mohs scale]] such as quartz do also. Diamonds easily scratch other diamonds, but this damages both diamonds.<ref>[http://krampf.com/experiments/Science_Experiment22.html Science Experiment22]</ref>
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