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== Electric circuits ==
{{main|Electric circuit}}
[[किपा:Ohms law voltage source.svg|thumb|200px|left|A basic [[electric circuit]]. The [[voltage source]] ''V'' on the left drives a [[Current (electricity)|current]] ''I'' around the circuit, delivering [[electrical energy]] into the [[Electrical resistance|resistance]] ''R''. From the resistor, the current returns to the source, completing the circuit.]]
An electric circuit is an interconnection of electric components, usually to perform some useful task, with a return path to enable the charge to return to its source.
 
The components in an electric circuit can take many forms, which can include elements such as [[resistor]]s, [[capacitor]]s, [[switch]]es, [[transformer]]s and [[electronics]]. [[Electronic circuit]]s contain [[active component]]s, usually [[semiconductor]]s, and typically exhibit [[non-linear]] behavior, requiring complex analysis. The simplest electric components are those that are termed [[passivity|passive]] and [[linear]]: while they may temporarily store energy, they contain no sources of it, and exhibit linear responses to stimuli.<ref name=ec_3>
{{citation
| first=Edminister | last=Joseph
| title=Electric Circuits
| page=3
| year=1965
| publisher=McGraw-Hill
| isbn=07084397X }}</ref>
 
The [[resistor]] is perhaps the simplest of passive circuit elements: as its name suggests, it [[Electrical resistance|resists]] the current through it, dissipating its energy as heat. [[Ohm's law]] is a basic law of [[circuit theory]], stating that the current passing through a resistance is directly proportional to the potential difference across it. The [[ohm]], the unit of resistance, was named in honour of Georg Ohm, and is symbolised by the Greek letter Ω. 1&nbsp;Ω is the resistance that will produce a potential difference of one volt in response to a current of one amp.<ref name=ec_3/>
 
The [[capacitor]] is a device capable of storing charge, and thereby storing electrical energy in the resulting field. Conceptually, it consists of two conducting plates separated by a thin insulating layer; in practice, thin metal foils are coiled together, increasing the surface area per unit volume and therefore the [[capacitance]]. The unit of capacitance is the [[farad]], named after [[Michael Faraday]], and given the symbol ''F'': one farad is the capacitance that develops a potential difference of one volt when it stores a charge of one coulomb. A capacitor connected to a voltage supply initially causes a current as it accumulates charge; this current will however decay in time as the capacitor fills, eventually falling to zero. A capacitor will therefore not permit a [[steady state]] current, but instead blocks it.<ref name=ec_3/>
 
The [[inductor]] is a conductor, usually a coil of wire, that stores energy in a magnetic field in response to the current through it. When the current changes, the magnetic field does too, [[electromagnetic induction|inducing]] a voltage between the ends of the conductor. The induced voltage is proportional to the [[Time derivative|time rate of change]] of the current. The constant of proportionality is termed the [[inductance]]. The unit of inductance is the [[Henry (unit)|henry]], named after [[Joseph Henry]], a contemporary of Faraday. One henry is the inductance that will induce a potential difference of one volt if the current through it changes at a rate of one ampere per second.<ref name=ec_3/> The inductor's behaviour is in some regards converse to that of the capacitor: it will freely allow an unchanging current, but opposes a rapidly changing one.
 
== Production and uses ==
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