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Copper
29Cu
- ↑ Cu ↓ Ag Periodic table nickel ← copper → zinc
रुप
red-orange metallic luster Native copper (~4 cm in size)
साधारण गुण
नां, चिं, ल्या	copper, Cu, 29
उच्चारण	/ˈkɒpər/ KOP-ər
धातुया वर्ग	transition metal
ग्रुप, पिरियद, ब्लक	11, 4, d
Standard atomic weight	63.546(3)
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s1 2, 8, 18, 1 Electron shells of copper (2, 8, 18, 1)
History
Discovery	Middle East (9000 BC)
Physical properties
Phase	solid
Density (near r.t.)	8.96 g·cm−3
Liquid density at m.p.	8.02 g·cm−3
Melting point	1357.77 K, 1084.62 °C, 1984.32 °F
Boiling point	2835 K, 2562 °C, 4643 °F
Heat of fusion	13.26 kJ·mol−1
Heat of vaporization	300.4 kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity	24.440 J·mol−1·K−1
Vapor pressure
P (Pa) 1 10 100 1 k 10 k 100 k at T (K) 1509 1661 1850 2089 2404 2834
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	+1, +2, +3, +4 (mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies (more)	1st: 745.5 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 1957.9 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 3555 kJ·mol−1
Atomic radius	128 pm
Covalent radius	132±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	140 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	face-centered cubic
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Electrical resistivity	(20 °C) 16.78 nΩ·m
Thermal conductivity	401 W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 16.5 µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(r.t.) (annealed) 3810 m·s−1
Young's modulus	110–128 GPa
Shear modulus	48 GPa
Bulk modulus	140 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.34
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	369 MPa
Brinell hardness	35 HB = 874 MPa
CAS registry number	7440-50-8
Most stable isotopes
iso NA half-life DM DE (MeV) DP 63Cu 69.15% Cu एलेमेन्ट 34 न्युट्रोन नाप स्टेबल जु 64Cu syn 12.700 h ε - 64Ni β− - 64Zn 65Cu 30.85% Cu एलेमेन्ट 36 न्युट्रोन नाप स्टेबल जु 67Cu syn 61.83 h β− - 67Zn